全國(guó)成人高考專升本英語復(fù)習(xí)資料-語法練習(xí)

第二章  語法
章節(jié)介紹
第一節(jié)   詞法
第二節(jié)   句法
第三節(jié)   構(gòu)詞法
第一節(jié)  詞法

考點(diǎn)一  名詞的分類
名詞是表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱的詞。
 
考點(diǎn)二  名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式
可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)。
1. 規(guī)則變化

構(gòu)成方法	例詞
在詞尾加s	girl—girl    pen——pens
以s,x,ch,sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加es	Bus——buses     box——boxes Watch——watches dish——dishes
以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞，變f,fe,為v,再加es	wife——wives  half——halves Shelf——shelves       thief——thieves
某些以f結(jié)尾的詞，直接加s	roof——roofs（屋頂） belief ——beliefs(信任)

 
2.不規(guī)則變化：
man—men    woman----women
（例外：German---Germans）
tooth----teeth   foot---feet   goose---geese
mouse----mice      ox---oxen
child----children
deer---deer      sheep---sheep
Chinese—Chinese      Swiss---Swiss
Japanese—Japanese(單復(fù)數(shù)同形)

3.復(fù)合名詞復(fù)數(shù)的變化形式表

構(gòu)  成  方  法			例   詞
在中心詞上加s			son-in-law----sons-in-law
在第二個(gè)詞上加s			boy student--- boy students
兩個(gè)詞都變成復(fù)數(shù) （man, woman）			woman driver---women drivers
有量詞的名詞復(fù)數(shù)	+可數(shù)名詞	量詞和名詞都變成復(fù)數(shù)	one box of eggs---three boxes of eggs
	+不可數(shù)名詞	量詞變復(fù)數(shù),名詞不變	a glass of milk--- two glasses of milk

一、集體名詞
police（警察）
class（班級(jí)）
family（家人）
若視為整體，表示單數(shù)意義；若考慮其個(gè)體成員，表示復(fù)數(shù)意義 people（人們）
the + 姓s 例：the Smiths My family  is  (be) a big one. All my family   are   (be) in China now.
看似復(fù)數(shù)實(shí)際是單數(shù)的名詞：
news  消息,新聞
politics  政治
maths     數(shù)學(xué)
physics   物理
1. No news    is   good news. (be).
2. I think maths   is   very important.
既可作可數(shù)又可作不可數(shù)的名詞：
chicken   小雞 /   
room      房間 / 空間；位置
paper     論文; 報(bào)紙/ 紙     
glass     玻璃杯 / 玻璃     
time      次；倍 / 時(shí)間  
wood      樹林 / 木頭          
fish      魚 / 魚肉
exercise  練習(xí) / 運(yùn)動(dòng)；鍛煉
light     燈 /  光  
fruit     (各種)水果 / 水果
不可數(shù)名詞如何表示數(shù)量？
1.借助表示“張”、“塊”的單位詞
a piece of paper  一張紙    a piece of bread 一塊面包
2.借助表示容量的詞
a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水    a cup of tea     一杯茶
3.借助表示重量的詞
a kilo of salt  一公斤鹽     ten tons of coal 十噸煤
4.借助表示形狀的詞
a drop of water  一滴水     a grain of sand  一粒沙
名詞所有格——是表示所屬關(guān)系的表達(dá)形式。
所有格有兩種表示法，用of 或's。通常無生命的名詞的所有格用of表示，如the name of the city。有生命的名詞所有格形式，在名詞詞尾加's，如Mary's book。但下列情況特殊：
（1）復(fù)數(shù)名詞以s結(jié)尾時(shí)只加'。如workers' tools,students'books。
（2）復(fù)合名詞或短語的所有格是將's加在最后一詞的詞尾，如a year or two's study,mother-in-law's house。
（3）表示幾個(gè)共同所有，在最后一個(gè)名詞后加's，表示各自所有時(shí)，在各個(gè)名詞后加's。
例：Mary and Jane's car.
Mary's and Jane's cars.
 
名詞作主語時(shí)與謂語動(dòng)詞的一致性。
 
1.謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式的情況
1) and 連接的兩個(gè)主語指同一人、物或概念時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
 The professor and novelist was just retired from his teaching position.
 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy.
2）以-s結(jié)尾，但實(shí)為單數(shù)的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
Education experts are claiming that physics is badly taught in our school.
3)表示類的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
Man is rapidly destroying the Earth.
4）表示時(shí)間、距離、長(zhǎng)度、價(jià)值或重量等的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
30 minutes is long enough for you to finish an essay with 250 words.
5)復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有one of ,either of ,neither of 時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。
One of the messages I got is from Susan who told us that she couldn't come.
Neither of the statements is true.
6）不可數(shù)名詞視為單數(shù)。
There isn’t much furniture in my room.
Good advice is beyond price.
 
2.謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式的情況
1）由and連接的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的名詞表示不同的人、物或概念，并且作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
Reading and traveling are my favorites.
2)表示群體的集體名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
The police are hunting for a killer of a 14- year-old girl.
3)the +形容詞,表示”人”時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
The rich are not always happier than the poor.
The black are prohibited to enter that school.
Note: the +形容詞相當(dāng)于復(fù)數(shù)名詞的有:
the poor       the rich      the old      the young        
4) 表示一種物品的復(fù)數(shù)名詞glasses， shorts，scissors等作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。
e.g.  My glasses were broken.
The scissors（剪刀） are very blunt.
 
3.謂語動(dòng)詞與部分主語一致的情況
1）用either…or, neither…nor, or, not only…but also, not…but連接的兩個(gè)主語,謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)則跟靠近動(dòng)詞的那個(gè)主語一致。（就近原則）
e.g. 1. One or two days are enough to see the city.
     2. Either he or I am in the wrong.
     3. Neither I nor he is in the wrong.
     4. Are you or he to blame?
     5. Not only you but also he is to blame for the accident.
2）主語后跟有由along with,with,except,including,as well as, together with, rather than,besides等引導(dǎo)的詞組或短語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞與前一個(gè)主語保持一致。
e.g. 1.The bat together with the balls was stolen.
     2.You as well as he are wrong.
     3.Nobody but/except the teachers knows anything about it.

4.謂語動(dòng)詞依主語的變化而變化的情況
1）必須以復(fù)數(shù)形式出現(xiàn)的名詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。一旦用量詞來修飾這些名詞時(shí)，謂語動(dòng)詞則依據(jù)量詞的單復(fù)數(shù)來決定自身的單復(fù)數(shù)。
The shoes are made in China.
The pair of shoes is made in China.
Two pairs of shoes I just bought for my brother are made in China.
2)有些集體名詞作主語時(shí)，如表示整體，謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式；如表示個(gè)體，謂語動(dòng)詞則為復(fù)數(shù)形式。
A new family has moved in next door.
A new family have moved in next door.
 
課后習(xí)題講解
I'm not sure about the meaning of the word. You'd better look it up in a ________.
A．letter                 B．dictionary
C．postcard              D．Notice
答案：B
解析：letter“書信”，dictionary“字典、詞典”，postcard“卡片”，notice“布告”，根據(jù)題意“我不知道這個(gè)詞語的意思，你最好查詞典。”所以答案選B。
 
—What's your job, Henry?
—I'm a __ _____. I work late. I'm very busy when people go out to dinners.
A．waiter              B．reporter          
C．teacher             D．Nurse
答案：A
 
________mothers can't go to the meeting, because they have gone to New York on business.
A．Alice and Lily's
B．Alice's and Lily's
C．Alice's and Lily
答案：B
解析：考查名詞所有格。A選項(xiàng)是指他們共有的母親；B選項(xiàng)表示她們各自的母親；C選項(xiàng)沒有這種表達(dá)形式，首先排除。由句意可知，這里指的是她們各自的母親，因此答案為B。
 
It's said that more than 100 ________ will attend this meeting in Shanghai.
A．man teachers         
B．woman teachers
C．men teachers          
D．womans teachers
答案：C
解析：考查名詞修飾名詞。名詞修飾名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)前一個(gè)名詞一般用單數(shù)，但woman和man修飾名詞變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)man和woman以及后面的名詞都要變成復(fù)數(shù)。因此選C。
 
There are twenty ________ in my class.
A．boy student           
B．boy students   
C．boys students        
D．boys student
答案：B
 
Nearly ________ of the earth ________ covered by sea。
A．three fourth; is        
B．three fourths; is
C．three forth; are        
D．three fourths; are
答案：B
解析：本題題意為“地球?qū)⒔�四分之三的面積被海洋覆蓋著。”英語中的分?jǐn)?shù)，分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞；分子大于1時(shí)，分母要用復(fù)數(shù)，首先排除A和C，“分?jǐn)?shù)＋of＋名詞”作主語時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞要與of后面的名詞在數(shù)上保持一致，因此答案為B。
 
—There are sixty students in our class.And________ of us are boys.
—Wow! Forty girls in your class!
A．one fourth        
B．one third    
C．three quarters     
D．two thirds
答案：B
 
The number of the students in our school is about ________、________ of them are boys.
A．9 hundred; Two thirds          
B．9 hundred; Two third
C．9 hundreds; Two thirds           
D．9 hundreds; Two third
答案：A
解析：表示確數(shù)時(shí)，記數(shù)單位如hundred, thousand不用加復(fù)數(shù)。表示分?jǐn)?shù)時(shí)，分子用基數(shù)詞，分母用序數(shù)詞。如分子大于1，分母用序數(shù)詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，故選擇A。
 
Paul likes reading very much.He has ________ books.
A．two hundred of    
B．hundreds of
C．hundred of         
D．hundreds
答案：B
 
—Do you know the boy________ is sitting next to Peter?
—Yes. He is Peter's friend. They are celebrating his ________ birthday.
A．who; ninth         
B．that; nineth
C．/; nineth           
D．which; ninth
答案：A
解析：第一空是定語從句，the boy指人，故用關(guān)系代詞who; 第二空可根據(jù)句意知道是他的第九個(gè)生日，故選A。句意是“你認(rèn)識(shí)坐在彼得附近的那個(gè)男孩嗎？是的，他是彼得的朋友，他們正在慶賀他的第九個(gè)生日。”
 
It is the ________time in one week that you broke dishes.
A．third      
B．three
C．thirty          
D．twothirds
答案：A
 

全國(guó)成人高考專升本英語復(fù)習(xí)資料-語法練習(xí)